Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-11 (of 11 Records) |
Query Trace: Bartels J[original query] |
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Laboratory Study of Physical Barrier Efficiency for Worker Protection against SARS-CoV-2 while Standing or Sitting (preprint)
Bartels J , Estill CF , Chen IC , Neu D . medRxiv 2021 2021.07.26.21261146 Transparent barriers were installed as a response to the SARS-COV-2 pandemic in many customer-facing industries. Transparent barriers are an engineering control that are utilized to intercept air traveling between customers to workers. Information on the effectiveness of these barriers against aerosols is limited. In this study, a cough simulator was used to represent a cough from a customer. Two optical particle counters were used (one on each side of the barrier, labeled reference and worker) to determine the number of particles that migrated around a transparent barrier. Nine barrier sizes and a no barrier configuration were tested with six replicates each. Tests of these 10 configurations were conducted for both sitting and standing scenarios to represent configurations common to nail salons and grocery stores, respectively. Barrier efficiency was calculated using a ratio of the particle count results (reference/worker). Barriers had better efficiency when they were 9 to 39 cm (3.5 to 15.5”) above cough height and at least 91 cm (36”) wide, 92% and 93% respectively. Barriers that were 91 cm (36”) above table height for both scenarios blocked 71% or more of the particles between 0.35–0.725 µm and 68% for particles between 1 to 3 µm. A barrier that blocked an initial cough was effective at reducing particle counts. While the width of barriers was not as significant as height in determining barrier efficiency it was important that a barrier be placed where interactions between customers and workers are most frequent.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis research was funded by the CDC. NIOSH is a part of the CDCAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:NIOSH Institutional Review BoardAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll the data that has been tabulated in the manuscript can be provided in a more accessible format. |
Timing and predictors of incident cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: Risk occurs early and highlights racial disparities
Garg S , Bartels CM , Bao G , Helmick CG , Drenkard C , Lim SS . J Rheumatol 2023 50 (1) 84-92 OBJECTIVE: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects Black people 2 to 3 times more frequently than non-Black people and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. In total, 4 studies with predominantly non-Black SLE cohorts highlighted that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is no longer primarily a late complication of SLE. This study assessed the timing and predictors of incident CVD in a predominantly Black population-based SLE cohort. METHODS: Incident SLE cases from the population-based Georgia Lupus Registry were validated as having a CVD event through review of medical records and matching with the Georgia Hospital Discharge Database and the National Death Index. The surveillance period for an incident CVD event spanned a 15-year period, starting from 2 years prior to SLE diagnosis. RESULTS: Among 336 people with SLE, 253 (75%) were Black and 56 (17%) had an incident CVD event. The frequency of CVD events peaked in years 2 and 11 after SLE diagnosis. There was a 7-fold higher risk of incident CVD over the entire 15-year period; this risk was 19-fold higher in the first 12 years in Black people as compared to non-Black people with SLE. Black people with SLE (P < 0.001) and those with discoid rash (hazard ratio 3.2, 95% CI 1.4-7.1) had a higher risk of incident CVD events. CONCLUSION: The frequency of incident CVD events peaked in years 2 and 11 after SLE diagnosis. Being Black or having a discoid rash were strong predictors of an incident CVD event. Surveillance for CVD and preventive interventions, directed particularly toward Black people with recent SLE diagnoses, are needed to reduce racial disparities. |
Laboratory study of physical barrier efficiency for worker protection against SARS-CoV-2 while standing or sitting.
Bartels J , Estill CF , Chen IC , Neu D . Aerosol Sci Technol 2021 56 (3) 295-303 Transparent barriers were installed as a response to the SARS-COV-2 pandemic in many customer-facing industries. Transparent barriers are an engineering control that intercept particles traveling between customers and workers. Information on the effectiveness of these barriers against aerosols is limited. In this study, a cough simulator was used to represent a cough from a customer. Two optical particle counters were used (one on each side of the barrier, labeled customer and worker) to determine the number of particles that migrated around a transparent barrier. Ten configurations were tested with six replicates for both sitting and standing scenarios, representing nail salons and grocery stores, respectively. Barrier efficiency was calculated using a ratio of the particle count results (customer/worker). Barriers had better efficiency (up to 93%) when its top was 9 to 39 cm above cough height and its width was at least 91 cm. Barriers that extended 91 cm above table height for both scenarios blocked 71% or more of the particles between 0.35–0.725 µm and 68% for particles between 1 to 3 µm. A barrier that blocked an initial cough was effective at reducing particle counts. While the width of the barriers was not as significant as the height in determining barrier efficiency it is important that a barrier be placed where interactions between customers and workers are most frequent. Bystander exposure was not taken into consideration along with other limitations. © 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. |
Adapting a Psychosocial Intervention for Smartphone Delivery to Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Serious Mental Illness
Fortuna KL , Lohman MC , Gill LE , Bruce ML , Bartels SJ . Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017 25 (8) 819-828 OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of adapting an integrated medical and psychiatric self-management intervention to a smartphone application for middle-aged and older adults with serious mental illness using an adaptive systems engineering framework and user-centered design. METHODS: First, we determined the technical abilities and needs of middle-aged and older adults with serious mental illnesses using smartphones. Then, we developed smartphone content through principles of user-centered design and modified an existing smartphone platform. Finally, we conducted a usability test using "think aloud" and verbal probing. RESULTS: We adapted a psychosocial self-management intervention to a smartphone application and tested its usability. Ten participants (mean age: 55.3 years, SD: 6.2 years) with serious mental illness and comorbid chronic health conditions reported a high level of usability and satisfaction with the smartphone application. CONCLUSIONS: Middle-aged and older adults with serious mental illness and limited technical abilities were able to participate in a process involving user-centered design and adaptation of a self-management intervention to be delivered by a smartphone. High usability ratings suggest that middle-aged and older adults with serious mental illness have the potential to use tailored smartphone interventions. Future research is indicated to establish effectiveness and to determine the type and intensity of clinical support needed to successfully implement smartphone applications as a component of community-based services for older adults with psychiatric and medical conditions. |
Quantitation of 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate human serum albumin adducts
Luna LG , Green BJ , Zhang F , Arnold SM , Siegel PD , Bartels MJ . Toxicol Rep 2014 1 743-751 4,4′-Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (herein 4,4′-MDI) is used in the production of polyurethane foams, elastomers, coatings, adhesives and the like for a wide range of commercial products. Occupational exposure to MDI levels above current airborne exposure limits can elicit immune mediated hypersensitivity reactions such as occupational asthma in sensitive individuals. To accurately determine exposure, there has been increasing interest in developing analytical methods to measure internal biomarkers of exposure to MDI. Previous investigators have reported methodologies for measuring MDI diamine metabolites and MDI-Lysine (4,4′-MDI-Lys) adducts. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an ultra performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ID/MS/MS) quantitation method via a signature peptide approach to enable biomonitoring of 4,4′-MDI adducted to human serum albumin (HSA) in plasma. A murine, anti-4,4′-MDI monoclonal IgM antibody was bound to magnetic beads and utilized for enrichment of the MDI adducted HSA. Following enrichment, trypsin digestion was performed to generate the expected 414 site (primary site of adduction) 4,4′-MDI-adducted HSA signature peptide that was quantified by UPLC-ID/MS/MS. An Agilent 6530 UPLC/quadrupole time of flight MS (QTOF) system was utilized for intact adducted protein analysis and an Agilent 6490 UPLC/MS/MS system operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was utilized for quantification of the adducted signature peptide biomarker both for in chemico and worker serum samples. Worker serum samples were initially screened utilizing the previously developed 4,4′-MDI-Lys amino acid method and results showed that 12 samples were identified as quantifiable for 4,4′-MDI-Lys adducts. The signature peptide adduct approach was applied to the 12 worker samples identified as quantifiable for 4,4′-MDI-Lys adducts. Results indicated no positive results were obtained above the quantification limit by the signature peptide approach. If the 414 site of lysine adduction accounted for 100% of the 4,4′-MDI adductions in the signature peptide adduct approach, the three highest quantifiable samples by the 4,4′-MDI-Lys method should have at least been detectable by the signature peptide method. Results show that although the 4,4′-MDI signature peptide approach is more selective, it is 18 times less sensitive than the 4,4′-MDI-Lys method, thus limiting the ability to detect adduct levels relative to the 4,4′-MDI-Lys amino acid method. |
Characterizing concentrations of diethylene glycol and suspected metabolites in human serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples from the Panama DEG mass poisoning
Schier JG , Hunt DR , Perala A , McMartin KE , Bartels MJ , Lewis LS , McGeehin MA , Flanders WD . Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013 51 (10) 923-9 CONTEXT: Diethylene glycol (DEG) mass poisoning is a persistent public health problem. Unfortunately, there are no human biological data on DEG and its suspected metabolites in poisoning. If present and associated with poisoning, the evidence for use of traditional therapies such as fomepizole and/or hemodialysis would be much stronger. OBJECTIVE: To characterize DEG and its metabolites in stored serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens obtained from human DEG poisoning victims enrolled in a 2006 case-control study. METHODS: In the 2006 study, biological samples from persons enrolled in a case-control study (42 cases with new-onset, unexplained AKI and 140 age-, sex-, and admission date-matched controls without AKI) were collected and shipped to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta for various analyses and were then frozen in storage. For this study, when sufficient volume of the original specimen remained, the following analytes were quantitatively measured in serum, urine, and CSF: DEG, 2-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA), diglycolic acid, ethylene glycol, glycolic acid, and oxalic acid. Analytes were measured using low resolution GC/MS, descriptive statistics calculated and case results compared with controls when appropriate. Specimens were de-identified so previously collected demographic, exposure, and health data were not available. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (with exact p-values) and bivariable exact logistic regression were used in SAS v9.2 for data analysis. RESULTS: The following samples were analyzed: serum, 20 case, and 20 controls; urine, 11 case and 22 controls; and CSF, 11 samples from 10 cases and no controls. Diglycolic acid was detected in all case serum samples (median, 40.7 mcg/mL; range, 22.6-75.2) and no controls, and in all case urine samples (median, 28.7 mcg/mL; range, 14-118.4) and only five (23%) controls (median, < Lower Limit of Quantitation (LLQ); range, < LLQ-43.3 mcg/mL). Significant differences and associations were identified between case status and the following: 1) serum oxalic acid and serum HEAA (both OR = 14.6; 95% C I = 2.8-100.9); 2) serum diglycolic acid and urine diglycolic acid (both OR > 999; exact p < 0.0001); and 3) urinary glycolic acid (OR = 0.057; 95% C I = 0.001-0.55). Two CSF sample results were excluded and two from the same case were averaged, yielding eight samples from eight cases. Diglycolic acid was detected in seven (88%) of case CSF samples (median, 2.03 mcg/mL; range, < LLQ, 7.47). Discussion. Significantly elevated HEAA (serum) and diglycolic acid (serum and urine) concentrations were identified among cases, which is consistent with animal data. Low urinary glycolic acid concentrations in cases may have been due to concurrent AKI. Although serum glycolic concentrations among cases may have initially increased, further metabolism to oxalic acid may have occurred thereby explaining the similar glycolic acid concentrations in cases and controls. The increased serum oxalic acid concentration results in cases versus controls are consistent with this hypothesis. CONCLUSION: Diglycolic acid is associated with human DEG poisoning and may be a biomarker for poisoning. These findings add to animal data suggesting a possible role for traditional antidotal therapies. The detection of HEAA and diglycolic acid in the CSF of cases suggests a possible association with signs and symptoms of DEG-associated neurotoxicity. Further work characterizing the pathophysiology of DEG-associated neurotoxicity and the role of traditional toxic alcohol therapies such as fomepizole and hemodialysis is needed. |
The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors
Murray CJ , Abraham J , Ali MK , Alvarado M , Atkinson C , Baddour LM , Bartels DH , Benjamin EJ , Bhalla K , Birbeck G , Bolliger I , Burstein R , Carnahan E , Chen H , Chou D , Chugh SS , Cohen A , Colson KE , Cooper LT , Couser W , Criqui MH , Dabhadkar KC , Dahodwala N , Danaei G , Dellavalle RP , Des Jarlais DC , Dicker D , Ding EL , Dorsey ER , Duber H , Ebel BE , Engell RE , Ezzati M , Felson DT , Finucane MM , Flaxman S , Flaxman AD , Fleming T , Forouzanfar MH , Freedman G , Freeman MK , Gabriel SE , Gakidou E , Gillum RF , Gonzalez-Medina D , Gosselin R , Grant B , Gutierrez HR , Hagan H , Havmoeller R , Hoffman H , Jacobsen KH , James SL , Jasrasaria R , Jayaraman S , Johns N , Kassebaum N , Khatibzadeh S , Knowlton LM , Lan Q , Leasher JL , Lim S , Lin JK , Lipshultz SE , London S , Lozano R , Lu Y , Macintyre MF , Mallinger L , McDermott MM , Meltzer M , Mensah GA , Michaud C , Miller TR , Mock C , Moffitt TE , Mokdad AA , Mokdad AH , Moran AE , Mozaffarian D , Murphy T , Naghavi M , Narayan KM , Nelson RG , Olives C , Omer SB , Ortblad K , Ostro B , Pelizzari PM , Phillips D , Pope CA , Raju M , Ranganathan D , Razavi H , Ritz B , Rivara FP , Roberts T , Sacco RL , Salomon JA , Sampson U , Sanman E , Sapkota A , Schwebel DC , Shahraz S , Shibuya K , Shivakoti R , Silberberg D , Singh GM , Singh D , Singh JA , Sleet DA , Steenland K , Tavakkoli M , Taylor JA , Thurston GD , Towbin JA , Vavilala MS , Vos T , Wagner GR , Weinstock MA , Weisskopf MG , Wilkinson JD , Wulf S , Zabetian A , Lopez AD . JAMA 2013 310 (6) 591-608 IMPORTANCE: Understanding the major health problems in the United States and how they are changing over time is critical for informing national health policy. OBJECTIVES: To measure the burden of diseases, injuries, and leading risk factors in the United States from 1990 to 2010 and to compare these measurements with those of the 34 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. DESIGN: We used the systematic analysis of descriptive epidemiology of 291 diseases and injuries, 1160 sequelae of these diseases and injuries, and 67 risk factors or clusters of risk factors from 1990 to 2010 for 187 countries developed for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study to describe the health status of the United States and to compare US health outcomes with those of 34 OECD countries. Years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) were computed by multiplying the number of deaths at each age by a reference life expectancy at that age. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated by multiplying prevalence (based on systematic reviews) by the disability weight (based on population-based surveys) for each sequela; disability in this study refers to any short- or long-term loss of health. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. Deaths and DALYs related to risk factors were based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of exposure data and relative risks for risk-outcome pairs. Healthy life expectancy (HALE) was used to summarize overall population health, accounting for both length of life and levels of ill health experienced at different ages. RESULTS: US life expectancy for both sexes combined increased from 75.2 years in 1990 to 78.2 years in 2010; during the same period, HALE increased from 65.8 years to 68.1 years. The diseases and injuries with the largest number of YLLs in 2010 were ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and road injury. Age-standardized YLL rates increased for Alzheimer disease, drug use disorders, chronic kidney disease, kidney cancer, and falls. The diseases with the largest number of YLDs in 2010 were low back pain, major depressive disorder, other musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety disorders. As the US population has aged, YLDs have comprised a larger share of DALYs than have YLLs. The leading risk factors related to DALYs were dietary risks, tobacco smoking, high body mass index, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Among 34 OECD countries between 1990 and 2010, the US rank for the age-standardized death rate changed from 18th to 27th, for the age-standardized YLL rate from 23rd to 28th, for the age-standardized YLD rate from 5th to 6th, for life expectancy at birth from 20th to 27th, and for HALE from 14th to 26th. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: From 1990 to 2010, the United States made substantial progress in improving health. Life expectancy at birth and HALE increased, all-cause death rates at all ages decreased, and age-specific rates of years lived with disability remained stable. However, morbidity and chronic disability now account for nearly half of the US health burden, and improvements in population health in the United States have not kept pace with advances in population health in other wealthy nations. |
Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Vos Theo , Flaxman Abraham D , Naghavi Mohsen , Lozano Rafael , Michaud Catherine , Ezzati Majid , Shibuya Kenji , Salomon Joshua A , Abdalla Safa , Aboyans Victor , Abraham Jerry , Ackerman Ilana , Aggarwal Rakesh , Ahn Stephanie Y , Ali Mohammed K , Alvarado Miriam , Anderson H Ross , Anderson Laurie M , Andrews Kathryn G , Atkinson Charles , Baddour Larry M , Bahalim Adil N , Barker-Collo Suzanne , Barrero Lope H , Bartels David H , Basanez Maria-Gloria , Baxter Amanda , Bell Michelle L , Benjamin Emelia J , Bennett Derrick , Bernabe Eduardo , Bhalla Kavi , Bhandari Bishal , Bikbov Boris , Bin Abdulhak Aref , Birbeck Gretchen , Black James A , Blencowe Hannah , Blore Jed D , Blyth Fiona , Bolliger Ian , Bonaventure Audrey , Boufous Soufiane , Bourne Rupert , Boussinesq Michel , Braithwaite Tasanee , Brayne Carol , Bridgett Lisa , Brooker Simon , Brooks Peter , Brugha Traolach S , Bryan-Hancock Claire , Bucello Chiara , Buchbinder Rachelle , Buckle Geoffrey , Budke Christine M , Burch Michael , Burney Peter , Burstein Roy , Calabria Bianca , Campbell Benjamin , Canter Charles E , Carabin Helene , Carapetis Jonathan , Carmona Loreto , Cella Claudia , Charlson Fiona , Chen Honglei , Cheng Andrew Tai-Ann , Chou David , Chugh Sumeet S , Coffeng Luc E , Colan Steven D , Colquhoun Samantha , Colson K Ellicott , Condon John , Connor Myles D , Cooper Leslie T , Corriere Matthew , Cortinovis Monica , de Vaccaro Karen Courville , Couser William , Cowie Benjamin C , Criqui Michael H , Cross Marita , Dabhadkar Kaustubh C , Dahiya Manu , Dahodwala Nabila , Damsere-Derry James , Danaei Goodarz , Davis Adrian , De Leo Diego , Degenhardt Louisa , Dellavalle Robert , Delossantos Allyne , Denenberg Julie , Derrett Sarah , Des Jarlais Don C , Dharmaratne Samath D , Dherani Mukesh , Diaz-Torne Cesar , Dolk Helen , Dorsey E Ray , Driscoll Tim , Duber Herbert , Ebel Beth , Edmond Karen , Elbaz Alexis , Ali Suad Eltahir , Erskine Holly , Erwin Patricia J , Espindola Patricia , Ewoigbokhan Stalin E , Farzadfar Farshad , Feigin Valery , Felson David T , Ferrari Alize , Ferri Cleusa P , Fevre Eric M , Finucane Mariel M , Flaxman Seth , Flood Louise , Foreman Kyle , Forouzanfar Mohammad H , Fowkes Francis Gerry R , Franklin Richard , Fransen Marlene , Freeman Michael K , Gabbe Belinda J , Gabriel Sherine E , Gakidou Emmanuela , Ganatra Hammad A , Garcia Bianca , Gaspari Flavio , Gillum Richard F , Gmel Gerhard , Gosselin Richard , Grainger Rebecca , Groeger Justina , Guillemin Francis , Gunnell David , Gupta Ramyani , Haagsma Juanita , Hagan Holly , Halasa Yara A , Hall Wayne , Haring Diana , Haro Josep Maria , Harrison James E , Havmoeller Rasmus , Hay Roderick J , Higashi Hideki , Hill Catherine , Hoen Bruno , Hoffman Howard , Hotez Peter J , Hoy Damian , Huang John J , Ibeanusi Sydney E , Jacobsen Kathryn H , James Spencer L , Jarvis Deborah , Jasrasaria Rashmi , Jayaraman Sudha , Johns Nicole , Jonas Jost B , Karthikeyan Ganesan , Kassebaum Nicholas , Kawakami Norito , Keren Andre , Khoo Jon-Paul , King Charles H , Knowlton Lisa Marie , Kobusingye Olive , Koranteng Adofo , Krishnamurthi Rita , Lalloo Ratilal , Laslett Laura L , Lathlean Tim , Leasher Janet L , Lee Yong Yi , Leigh James , Lim Stephen S , Limb Elizabeth , Lin John Kent , Lipnick Michael , Lipshultz Steven E , Liu Wei , Loane Maria , Ohno Summer Lockett , Lyons Ronan , Ma Jixiang , Mabweijano Jacqueline , MacIntyre Michael F , Malekzadeh Reza , Mallinger Leslie , Manivannan Sivabalan , Marcenes Wagner , March Lyn , Margolis David J , Marks Guy B , Marks Robin , Matsumori Akira , Matzopoulos Richard , Mayosi Bongani M , McAnulty John H , McDermott Mary M , McGill Neil , McGrath John , Medina-Mora Maria Elena , Meltzer Michele , Mensah George A , Merriman Tony R , Meyer Ana-Claire , Miglioli Valeria , Miller Matthew , Miller Ted R , Mitchell Philip B , Mocumbi Ana Olga , Moffitt Terrie E , Mokdad Ali A , Monasta Lorenzo , Montico Marcella , Moradi-Lakeh Maziar , Moran Andrew , Morawska Lidia , Mori Rintaro , Murdoch Michele E , Mwaniki Michael K , Naidoo Kovin , Nair M Nathan , Naldi Luigi , Narayan K M Venkat , Nelson Paul K , Nelson Robert G , Nevitt Michael C , Newton Charles R , Nolte Sandra , Norman Paul , Norman Rosana , O'Donnell Martin , O'Hanlon Simon , Olives Casey , Omer Saad B , Ortblad Katrina , Osborne Richard , Ozgediz Doruk , Page Andrew , Pahari Bishnu , Pandian Jeyaraj Durai , Rivero Andrea Panozo , Patten Scott B , Pearce Neil , Padilla Rogelio Perez , Perez-Ruiz Fernando , Perico Norberto , Pesudovs Konrad , Phillips David , Phillips Michael R , Pierce Kelsey , Pion Sebastien , Polanczyk Guilherme V , Polinder Suzanne , Pope C Arden 3rd , Popova Svetlana , Porrini Esteban , Pourmalek Farshad , Prince Martin , Pullan Rachel L , Ramaiah Kapa D , Ranganathan Dharani , Razavi Homie , Regan Mathilda , Rehm Jurgen T , Rein David B , Remuzzi Guiseppe , Richardson Kathryn , Rivara Frederick P , Roberts Thomas , Robinson Carolyn , De Leon Felipe Rodriguez , Ronfani Luca , Room Robin , Rosenfeld Lisa C , Rushton Lesley , Sacco Ralph L , Saha Sukanta , Sampson Uchechukwu , Sanchez-Riera Lidia , Sanman Ella , Schwebel David C , Scott James Graham , Segui-Gomez Maria , Shahraz Saeid , Shepard Donald S , Shin Hwashin , Shivakoti Rupak , Singh David , Singh Gitanjali M , Singh Jasvinder A , Singleton Jessica , Sleet David A , Sliwa Karen , Smith Emma , Smith Jennifer L , Stapelberg Nicolas J C , Steer Andrew , Steiner Timothy , Stolk Wilma A , Stovner Lars Jacob , Sudfeld Christopher , Syed Sana , Tamburlini Giorgio , Tavakkoli Mohammad , Taylor Hugh R , Taylor Jennifer A , Taylor William J , Thomas Bernadette , Thomson W Murray , Thurston George D , Tleyjeh Imad M , Tonelli Marcello , Towbin Jeffrey A , Truelsen Thomas , Tsilimbaris Miltiadis K , Ubeda Clotilde , Undurraga Eduardo A , van der Werf Marieke J , van Os Jim , Vavilala Monica S , Venketasubramanian N , Wang Mengru , Wang Wenzhi , Watt Kerrianne , Weatherall David J , Weinstock Martin A , Weintraub Robert , Weisskopf Marc G , Weissman Myrna M , White Richard A , Whiteford Harvey , Wiersma Steven T , Wilkinson James D , Williams Hywel C , Williams Sean R M , Witt Emma , Wolfe Frederick , Woolf Anthony D , Wulf Sarah , Yeh Pon-Hsiu , Zaidi Anita K M , Zheng Zhi-Jie , Zonies David , Lopez Alan D , Murray Christopher J L , Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 . Lancet 2013 380 (9859) 2163-96 BACKGROUND: Non-fatal health outcomes from diseases and injuries are a crucial consideration in the promotion and monitoring of individual and population health. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies done in 1990 and 2000 have been the only studies to quantify non-fatal health outcomes across an exhaustive set of disorders at the global and regional level. Neither effort quantified uncertainty in prevalence or years lived with disability (YLDs). METHODS: Of the 291 diseases and injuries in the GBD cause list, 289 cause disability. For 1160 sequelae of the 289 diseases and injuries, we undertook a systematic analysis of prevalence, incidence, remission, duration, and excess mortality. Sources included published studies, case notification, population-based cancer registries, other disease registries, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, hospital discharge data, ambulatory care data, household surveys, other surveys, and cohort studies. For most sequelae, we used a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR, designed to address key limitations in descriptive epidemiological data, including missing data, inconsistency, and large methodological variation between data sources. For some disorders, we used natural history models, geospatial models, back-calculation models (models calculating incidence from population mortality rates and case fatality), or registration completeness models (models adjusting for incomplete registration with health-system access and other covariates). Disability weights for 220 unique health states were used to capture the severity of health loss. YLDs by cause at age, sex, country, and year levels were adjusted for comorbidity with simulation methods. We included uncertainty estimates at all stages of the analysis. FINDINGS: Global prevalence for all ages combined in 2010 across the 1160 sequelae ranged from fewer than one case per 1 million people to 350,000 cases per 1 million people. Prevalence and severity of health loss were weakly correlated (correlation coefficient -0.37). In 2010, there were 777 million YLDs from all causes, up from 583 million in 1990. The main contributors to global YLDs were mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes or endocrine diseases. The leading specific causes of YLDs were much the same in 2010 as they were in 1990: low back pain, major depressive disorder, iron-deficiency anaemia, neck pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety disorders, migraine, diabetes, and falls. Age-specific prevalence of YLDs increased with age in all regions and has decreased slightly from 1990 to 2010. Regional patterns of the leading causes of YLDs were more similar compared with years of life lost due to premature mortality. Neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and anaemia were important causes of YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. INTERPRETATION: Rates of YLDs per 100,000 people have remained largely constant over time but rise steadily with age. Population growth and ageing have increased YLD numbers and crude rates over the past two decades. Prevalences of the most common causes of YLDs, such as mental and behavioural disorders and musculoskeletal disorders, have not decreased. Health systems will need to address the needs of the rising numbers of individuals with a range of disorders that largely cause disability but not mortality. Quantification of the burden of non-fatal health outcomes will be crucial to understand how well health systems are responding to these challenges. Effective and affordable strategies to deal with this rising burden are an urgent priority for health systems in most parts of the world. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. |
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Murray Christopher J L , Vos Theo , Lozano Rafael , Naghavi Mohsen , Flaxman Abraham D , Michaud Catherine , Ezzati Majid , Shibuya Kenji , Salomon Joshua A , Abdalla Safa , Aboyans Victor , Abraham Jerry , Ackerman Ilana , Aggarwal Rakesh , Ahn Stephanie Y , Ali Mohammed K , Alvarado Miriam , Anderson H Ross , Anderson Laurie M , Andrews Kathryn G , Atkinson Charles , Baddour Larry M , Bahalim Adil N , Barker-Collo Suzanne , Barrero Lope H , Bartels David H , Basanez Maria-Gloria , Baxter Amanda , Bell Michelle L , Benjamin Emelia J , Bennett Derrick , Bernabe Eduardo , Bhalla Kavi , Bhandari Bishal , Bikbov Boris , Bin Abdulhak Aref , Birbeck Gretchen , Black James A , Blencowe Hannah , Blore Jed D , Blyth Fiona , Bolliger Ian , Bonaventure Audrey , Boufous Soufiane , Bourne Rupert , Boussinesq Michel , Braithwaite Tasanee , Brayne Carol , Bridgett Lisa , Brooker Simon , Brooks Peter , Brugha Traolach S , Bryan-Hancock Claire , Bucello Chiara , Buchbinder Rachelle , Buckle Geoffrey , Budke Christine M , Burch Michael , Burney Peter , Burstein Roy , Calabria Bianca , Campbell Benjamin , Canter Charles E , Carabin Helene , Carapetis Jonathan , Carmona Loreto , Cella Claudia , Charlson Fiona , Chen Honglei , Cheng Andrew Tai-Ann , Chou David , Chugh Sumeet S , Coffeng Luc E , Colan Steven D , Colquhoun Samantha , Colson K Ellicott , Condon John , Connor Myles D , Cooper Leslie T , Corriere Matthew , Cortinovis Monica , de Vaccaro Karen Courville , Couser William , Cowie Benjamin C , Criqui Michael H , Cross Marita , Dabhadkar Kaustubh C , Dahiya Manu , Dahodwala Nabila , Damsere-Derry James , Danaei Goodarz , Davis Adrian , De Leo Diego , Degenhardt Louisa , Dellavalle Robert , Delossantos Allyne , Denenberg Julie , Derrett Sarah , Des Jarlais Don C , Dharmaratne Samath D , Dherani Mukesh , Diaz-Torne Cesar , Dolk Helen , Dorsey E Ray , Driscoll Tim , Duber Herbert , Ebel Beth , Edmond Karen , Elbaz Alexis , Ali Suad Eltahir , Erskine Holly , Erwin Patricia J , Espindola Patricia , Ewoigbokhan Stalin E , Farzadfar Farshad , Feigin Valery , Felson David T , Ferrari Alize , Ferri Cleusa P , Fevre Eric M , Finucane Mariel M , Flaxman Seth , Flood Louise , Foreman Kyle , Forouzanfar Mohammad H , Fowkes Francis Gerry R , Fransen Marlene , Freeman Michael K , Gabbe Belinda J , Gabriel Sherine E , Gakidou Emmanuela , Ganatra Hammad A , Garcia Bianca , Gaspari Flavio , Gillum Richard F , Gmel Gerhard , Gonzalez-Medina Diego , Gosselin Richard , Grainger Rebecca , Grant Bridget , Groeger Justina , Guillemin Francis , Gunnell David , Gupta Ramyani , Haagsma Juanita , Hagan Holly , Halasa Yara A , Hall Wayne , Haring Diana , Haro Josep Maria , Harrison James E , Havmoeller Rasmus , Hay Roderick J , Higashi Hideki , Hill Catherine , Hoen Bruno , Hoffman Howard , Hotez Peter J , Hoy Damian , Huang John J , Ibeanusi Sydney E , Jacobsen Kathryn H , James Spencer L , Jarvis Deborah , Jasrasaria Rashmi , Jayaraman Sudha , Johns Nicole , Jonas Jost B , Karthikeyan Ganesan , Kassebaum Nicholas , Kawakami Norito , Keren Andre , Khoo Jon-Paul , King Charles H , Knowlton Lisa Marie , Kobusingye Olive , Koranteng Adofo , Krishnamurthi Rita , Laden Francine , Lalloo Ratilal , Laslett Laura L , Lathlean Tim , Leasher Janet L , Lee Yong Yi , Leigh James , Levinson Daphna , Lim Stephen S , Limb Elizabeth , Lin John Kent , Lipnick Michael , Lipshultz Steven E , Liu Wei , Loane Maria , Ohno Summer Lockett , Lyons Ronan , Mabweijano Jacqueline , MacIntyre Michael F , Malekzadeh Reza , Mallinger Leslie , Manivannan Sivabalan , Marcenes Wagner , March Lyn , Margolis David J , Marks Guy B , Marks Robin , Matsumori Akira , Matzopoulos Richard , Mayosi Bongani M , McAnulty John H , McDermott Mary M , McGill Neil , McGrath John , Medina-Mora Maria Elena , Meltzer Michele , Mensah George A , Merriman Tony R , Meyer Ana-Claire , Miglioli Valeria , Miller Matthew , Miller Ted R , Mitchell Philip B , Mock Charles , Mocumbi Ana Olga , Moffitt Terrie E , Mokdad Ali A , Monasta Lorenzo , Montico Marcella , Moradi-Lakeh Maziar , Moran Andrew , Morawska Lidia , Mori Rintaro , Murdoch Michele E , Mwaniki Michael K , Naidoo Kovin , Nair M Nathan , Naldi Luigi , Narayan K M Venkat , Nelson Paul K , Nelson Robert G , Nevitt Michael C , Newton Charles R , Nolte Sandra , Norman Paul , Norman Rosana , O'Donnell Martin , O'Hanlon Simon , Olives Casey , Omer Saad B , Ortblad Katrina , Osborne Richard , Ozgediz Doruk , Page Andrew , Pahari Bishnu , Pandian Jeyaraj Durai , Rivero Andrea Panozo , Patten Scott B , Pearce Neil , Padilla Rogelio Perez , Perez-Ruiz Fernando , Perico Norberto , Pesudovs Konrad , Phillips David , Phillips Michael R , Pierce Kelsey , Pion Sebastien , Polanczyk Guilherme V , Polinder Suzanne , Pope C Arden 3rd , Popova Svetlana , Porrini Esteban , Pourmalek Farshad , Prince Martin , Pullan Rachel L , Ramaiah Kapa D , Ranganathan Dharani , Razavi Homie , Regan Mathilda , Rehm Jurgen T , Rein David B , Remuzzi Guiseppe , Richardson Kathryn , Rivara Frederick P , Roberts Thomas , Robinson Carolyn , De Leon Felipe Rodriguez , Ronfani Luca , Room Robin , Rosenfeld Lisa C , Rushton Lesley , Sacco Ralph L , Saha Sukanta , Sampson Uchechukwu , Sanchez-Riera Lidia , Sanman Ella , Schwebel David C , Scott James Graham , Segui-Gomez Maria , Shahraz Saeid , Shepard Donald S , Shin Hwashin , Shivakoti Rupak , Singh David , Singh Gitanjali M , Singh Jasvinder A , Singleton Jessica , Sleet David A , Sliwa Karen , Smith Emma , Smith Jennifer L , Stapelberg Nicolas J C , Steer Andrew , Steiner Timothy , Stolk Wilma A , Stovner Lars Jacob , Sudfeld Christopher , Syed Sana , Tamburlini Giorgio , Tavakkoli Mohammad , Taylor Hugh R , Taylor Jennifer A , Taylor William J , Thomas Bernadette , Thomson W Murray , Thurston George D , Tleyjeh Imad M , Tonelli Marcello , Towbin Jeffrey A , Truelsen Thomas , Tsilimbaris Miltiadis K , Ubeda Clotilde , Undurraga Eduardo A , van der Werf Marieke J , van Os Jim , Vavilala Monica S , Venketasubramanian N , Wang Mengru , Wang Wenzhi , Watt Kerrianne , Weatherall David J , Weinstock Martin A , Weintraub Robert , Weisskopf Marc G , Weissman Myrna M , White Richard A , Whiteford Harvey , Wiebe Natasha , Wiersma Steven T , Wilkinson James D , Williams Hywel C , Williams Sean R M , Witt Emma , Wolfe Frederick , Woolf Anthony D , Wulf Sarah , Yeh Pon-Hsiu , Zaidi Anita K M , Zheng Zhi-Jie , Zonies David , Lopez Alan D , Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 . Lancet 2013 380 (9859) 2197-223 BACKGROUND: Measuring disease and injury burden in populations requires a composite metric that captures both premature mortality and the prevalence and severity of ill-health. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study. We aimed to calculate disease burden worldwide and for 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010 with methods to enable meaningful comparisons over time. METHODS: We calculated DALYs as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were calculated for 291 causes, 20 age groups, both sexes, and for 187 countries, and aggregated to regional and global estimates of disease burden for three points in time with strictly comparable definitions and methods. YLLs were calculated from age-sex-country-time-specific estimates of mortality by cause, with death by standardised lost life expectancy at each age. YLDs were calculated as prevalence of 1160 disabling sequelae, by age, sex, and cause, and weighted by new disability weights for each health state. Neither YLLs nor YLDs were age-weighted or discounted. Uncertainty around cause-specific DALYs was calculated incorporating uncertainty in levels of all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, prevalence, and disability weights. FINDINGS: Global DALYs remained stable from 1990 (2.503 billion) to 2010 (2.490 billion). Crude DALYs per 1000 decreased by 23% (472 per 1000 to 361 per 1000). An important shift has occurred in DALY composition with the contribution of deaths and disability among children (younger than 5 years of age) declining from 41% of global DALYs in 1990 to 25% in 2010. YLLs typically account for about half of disease burden in more developed regions (high-income Asia Pacific, western Europe, high-income North America, and Australasia), rising to over 80% of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1990, 47% of DALYs worldwide were from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, 43% from non-communicable diseases, and 10% from injuries. By 2010, this had shifted to 35%, 54%, and 11%, respectively. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs worldwide in 2010 (up from fourth rank in 1990, increasing by 29%), followed by lower respiratory infections (top rank in 1990; 44% decline in DALYs), stroke (fifth in 1990; 19% increase), diarrhoeal diseases (second in 1990; 51% decrease), and HIV/AIDS (33rd in 1990; 351% increase). Major depressive disorder increased from 15th to 11th rank (37% increase) and road injury from 12th to 10th rank (34% increase). Substantial heterogeneity exists in rankings of leading causes of disease burden among regions. INTERPRETATION: Global disease burden has continued to shift away from communicable to non-communicable diseases and from premature death to years lived with disability. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, many communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders remain the dominant causes of disease burden. The rising burden from mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes will impose new challenges on health systems. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of understanding local burden of disease and setting goals and targets for the post-2015 agenda taking such patterns into account. Because of improved definitions, methods, and data, these results for 1990 and 2010 supersede all previously published Global Burden of Disease results. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. |
Evaluation of peripheral visual performance when using incandescent and LED miner cap lamps
Sammarco JJ , Reyes MA , Bartels JR , Gallagher S . IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2009 45 (6) 1923-1929 Illumination plays a critical role in an underground miner’s safety because miners depend most heavily on visual cues to recognize hazards. Mobile mining machinery, located in the miners peripheral field-of-view (±10° to about ±60° off-axis), may pose potential pinning and striking hazards. The main objective of this research was to determine if there were peripheral visual performance improvements for the detection of moving objects when using cool-white light-emitting diode (LED) cap lamps as compared to incandescent (INC) light bulbs commonly used in miner cap lamps. The cap lamp variable of interest is the spectral power distribution (SPD); the illuminances were normalized by a diffusion filter. The second objective was to determine if age is a factor for peripheral visual performance. This is important because the workforce is aging - the average miner age is about 43 years old. Thirty subjects participated in the study; ten subjects each in the age groups of younger (18 to 25 years), middle (40 to 50 years), and older (50+ years). Visual performance was quantified by the subjects’ speed and accuracy of response to detect the rotation of high-contrast (white) circular targets located 3.83 meters (m) away at -20°, 40°, and 50° off-axis. The speed of detection and the number of missed target rotations (accuracy) were measured. The prototype LED cap lamp results were best with a 11% to 15% improvement compared to the INC and LED cap lamps respectively. Age does appear to be a significant factor. For the middle and older age groups’, target movement detection time increased 75% and 60% and the number of missed targets increased 500% and 450% respectively in comparison to the youngest age group. The results also suggest that target location is a significant factor. The subjects’ target movement detection time for the 40° and 50° target movements increased 16% and 69% respectively as compared to the -20° target. |
Continuous Mining: A pilot study of the role of visual attention locations and work position in underground coal mines
Bartels JR , Gallagher S , Ambrose DH . Prof Saf 2009 54 (8) 28-35 Operating large mobile equipment such as a continuous miner is one of the most dangerous jobs that workers perform in W1derground coal mining. When undergrowd coal is mined by the room-and-pillar method, rooms are formed by cutting into the coal bed (seam), leaving a series of pillars or columns of coal to help support the mine roof and create passages for the flow of fresh air. Generally, a completed room is 4.9 to 6.1 m (approximately 16 to 20 ft) wide and the pillar is 30.5 to 36.6 m (approximately 100 to 120 ft) wide. As mining advances, a grid-like pattern of rooms and pillars is formed, resulting in entries of horizontal mine passageways. |
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